However, research on the recognition of cartoon and real faces has shown mixed results. Similarly, brain imaging studies have also found that the fusiform face area differs between the processing of cartoon faces and real faces. Moreover, it was specific to real faces instead of cartoon faces that children were more accurate at recognizing upright faces than inverted faces. In another study, participants showed faster reaction times to real faces than cartoon faces when they were required to determine whether an image was a face or a car. The results showed stronger emotion recognition accuracy for cartoonized faces. Kendall, Raffaelli, Kingstone, and Todd (2016) asked participants to identify emotions on five sets of briefly presented faces that ranged from photorealistic to fully iconic. Some researchers compared cartoon faces and real faces with regard to recognition accuracy and reaction time. Chen and colleagues (2010) found that people developed a preference for real faces with larger eyes after adaption to cartoon faces with unusually large eyes in Japanese cartoons. Compared with real faces, cartoon faces usually have larger eyes, smaller noses, and finer skin texture. Common social networks (e.g., WeChat) provide various cartoon face emoji for communicating and expressing emotions. In addition to real faces, people also encounter many cartoon faces on daily life. These facial expressions have been identified and confirmed across different cultural contexts. Ekman and Friesen (1978) summarized six basic human facial expressions including happiness, sadness, surprise, fear, anger, and disgust. Facial expression recognition not only helps to determine internal emotional states and the intentions conveyed by an individual but also provides feedback and induces social interactions. The ability to recognize a facial expression reflects an individual's ability to infer the psychological states of others. In daily life, facial expressions provide important non-verbal forms of information and communication. They convey unique identity information and basic emotions through facial expressions. However, more attentional resources were allocated for real faces during the late processing stage.įaces play important roles in human social life. Cartoon faces showed a higher processing intensity and speed than real faces during the early processing stage. Due to the sample size, these results may suggestively but not rigorously demonstrate differences in facial expression recognition and neurological processing between cartoon faces and real faces. The behavioral results showed that the reaction times for happy faces were shorter than those for angry faces that females showed a higher accuracy than did males and that males showed a higher recognition accuracy for angry faces than happy faces. In addition, the results showed a significant difference in the brain regions as reflected in a right hemispheric advantage. The ERP results revealed that cartoon faces caused larger N170 and VPP amplitudes as well as a briefer N170 latency than did real faces that real faces induced larger LPP amplitudes than did cartoon faces. Reaction time, recognition accuracy, and the amplitudes and latencies of emotion processing-related ERP components such as N170, VPP (vertex positive potential), and LPP (late positive potential) were used as dependent variables. Using event-related potentials (ERPs), we conducted a facial expression recognition experiment with 17 university students to compare the processing of cartoon faces with that of real faces. Besides real faces, people also encounter numerous cartoon faces in daily life which convey basic emotional states through facial expressions. Faces play important roles in the social lives of humans.
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